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عمومی::
دارنده پول
Banking manages to suppress credit and interest-rate risk during normal times, but at the cost of exposing inside money holders to tail risk: bank runs and banking panics.
It is relatively unattractive to hold nonbanking credit because the guarantees redistribute banking risk from inside money holders to either taxpayers (if bailouts are financed with taxes) or to everyone who is entitled to nominal claims (if bailouts are financed with the printing press).
A liquidity fee is a fee raised from money holders, similar to a toll raised from drivers on a toll road.
perspective of the money holder, who is a potential lender.
If the money holder keeps money to pay for goods and services tomorrow, money functions as a medium for deferred payment.
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